Difference between revisions of "Example:Radio-frequency single electron transistor"

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 +
== Radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET) ==
 
{{Infobox_general
 
{{Infobox_general
 
| name = RF-SET
 
| name = RF-SET
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<math>\delta q \approx \frac{2(3\frac{R_\Sigma}{Z_{TR}}+\frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T}) \sqrt{k_B T_0 Z_T}}{2\times 0.41 t^{-1.74} 0.9 E_C/e^2}, \,</math>
 
<math>\delta q \approx \frac{2(3\frac{R_\Sigma}{Z_{TR}}+\frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T}) \sqrt{k_B T_0 Z_T}}{2\times 0.41 t^{-1.74} 0.9 E_C/e^2}, \,</math>
  
−
where <math>t \equiv k_B T/E_C\,</math>. Note that <math>T\,</math> is at low temperatures set often by heating effects, not the base temperature of refrigerator.
+
where <math>t \equiv k_B T/E_C\,</math>. Note that <math>T\,</math> is at low temperatures set often by heating effects, not the base temperature of refrigerator. More details about RF-SET noise analysis is found in Ref.
 +
<ref>L. Roschier, P. Hakonen, K. Bladh, P. Delsing, K.W. Lehnert, L. Spietz and R. Schoelkopf, “Noise performance of the radio-frequency single-electron transistor”, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 1274 (2004).</ref> and from references there.
  
 
==== References ====
 
==== References ====
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== Construction of the nomograph ==
 
== Construction of the nomograph ==
−
The equation is written as
+
The equation is  
−
split into two equations that each are blocks:
+
split into two equations that each are blocks. Second equation is split into two equations in order to construct the
 +
contour block.
  
 
{| style="background:wihte; color:black" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"  
 
{| style="background:wihte; color:black" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"  
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| <math>-\log(\delta q)+x+\frac{1}{2}\log(k_B T_0 Z_T)-\log(0.9(k_B E_C)^{2.74}-\log(0.41(k_B T)^{-1.74}/e)=0\,</math> || [[type 3]]
 
| <math>-\log(\delta q)+x+\frac{1}{2}\log(k_B T_0 Z_T)-\log(0.9(k_B E_C)^{2.74}-\log(0.41(k_B T)^{-1.74}/e)=0\,</math> || [[type 3]]
 
|-  
 
|-  
−
| <math>\exp(x) = (3\frac{R_\Sigma}{Z_{TR}}+\frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T})</math> || [[type 5]]
+
| <math>\exp(x) = (3\frac{R_\Sigma}{Z_{TR}}+\frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T})</math>  
 +
 
 +
split into two equations for contour construction:
 +
 
 +
<math>y = R_\Sigma \,</math>
 +
 
 +
<math>y = \left(\exp (x) - \frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T}\right)\frac{Z_{TR}}{3}</math>
 +
 
 +
|| [[type 5]]
 +
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
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     Sensitivity of radio-frequency single electron transistor (RF-SET).
 
     Sensitivity of radio-frequency single electron transistor (RF-SET).
  
−
     Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Leif Roschier
+
     Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Leif Roschier
  
 
     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 
     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
Line 59: Line 71:
 
     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
"""
 
"""
−
from nomographer import *
+
from pynomo.nomographer import *
  
 
# for testing
 
# for testing
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           'u_title':'$R_\Sigma (k\Omega )$',
 
           'u_title':'$R_\Sigma (k\Omega )$',
 
           'v_title':r'$Z_{TR}$',
 
           'v_title':r'$Z_{TR}$',
−
           'v_text_format':r"$%3.0f k\Omega$ ",
+
           'v_text_format':r"$%3.0f \Omega$ ",
 
           'u_text_format':r"$%3.0f$ ",
 
           'u_text_format':r"$%3.0f$ ",
 
           'mirror_y':False,
 
           'mirror_y':False,
 
           'wd_tick_levels':0,
 
           'wd_tick_levels':0,
 
           'wd_tick_text_levels':0,
 
           'wd_tick_text_levels':0,
 +
          'isopleth_values':[[R_sigma/1e3,Z_tr,'x']]
 
             }
 
             }
  
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         'u_max':20.0,
 
         'u_max':20.0,
 
         'function':f_ec,
 
         'function':f_ec,
−
         'title':r'$E_C$',
+
         'title':r'$E_C (K)$',
 
         'tick_levels':4,
 
         'tick_levels':4,
−
         'tick_text_levels':3,
+
         'tick_text_levels':4,
−
         'scale_type':'log',
+
         'scale_type':'log smart',
 
                 }
 
                 }
 
N_params_2={
 
N_params_2={
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         'u_max':20.0,
 
         'u_max':20.0,
 
         'function':f_t,
 
         'function':f_t,
−
         'title':r'$T$',
+
         'title':r'$T (K)$',
 
         'tick_levels':4,
 
         'tick_levels':4,
−
         'tick_text_levels':3,
+
         'tick_text_levels':4,
−
         'scale_type':'log',
+
         'scale_type':'log smart',
 
                 }
 
                 }
 
N_params_3={
 
N_params_3={
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         'u_max':100.0,
 
         'u_max':100.0,
 
         'function':f_dq,
 
         'function':f_dq,
−
         'title':r'$\delta q$',
+
         'title':r'$\delta q (\mu e/\sqrt{Hz})$',
 
         'tick_levels':4,
 
         'tick_levels':4,
−
         'tick_text_levels':2,
+
         'tick_text_levels':4,
−
         'scale_type':'log',
+
         'scale_type':'log smart',
 
                 }
 
                 }
 
N_params_4={
 
N_params_4={
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         'u_max':20.0,
 
         'u_max':20.0,
 
         'function':f_t0,
 
         'function':f_t0,
−
         'title':r'$T_0$',
+
         'title':r'$T_0 (K)$',
−
         'tick_levels':2,
+
         'tick_levels':4,
−
         'tick_text_levels':1,
+
         'tick_text_levels':4,
−
         'scale_type':'log',
+
         'scale_type':'log smart',
 
             }
 
             }
  
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             'height':10.0,
 
             'height':10.0,
 
             'mirror_x':True,
 
             'mirror_x':True,
−
             'reference_padding':0.05,
+
             'reference_padding':0.0    ,
 
             'f_params':[N_params_1,N_params_2,N_params_3,
 
             'f_params':[N_params_1,N_params_2,N_params_3,
−
                         N_params_4,x_params]
+
                         N_params_4,x_params],
 +
            'isopleth_values':[[E_C/k_b,T,'x',T_0,'x']]
 
             }
 
             }
  
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               }
 
               }
 
Nomographer(main_params)
 
Nomographer(main_params)
 +
 +
 
</source>
 
</source>

Latest revision as of 18:42, 21 October 2009

Radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET)

RF-SET
Ex rfset.png
author Leif Roschier

Theory and background

Radio-frequency single-electron transistor (RF-SET) is a sensitive charge detector. It's charge sensitivity [math]\delta q [e/\sqrt{Hz}]\,[/math] in normal (not superconducting) operation is typically set by pre-amplifier noise temperature [math]T_0 [K]\,[/math], charging energy [math]E_C [J]\,[/math], transistor island electron temperature [math]T [K]\,[/math], SET high bias DC resistance [math]R_\Sigma [\Omega]\,[/math] and LC-transformer impedance [math]Z_{TR} [\Omega]\,[/math] according to relation [1]

[math]\delta q \approx \frac{2(3\frac{R_\Sigma}{Z_{TR}}+\frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T}) \sqrt{k_B T_0 Z_T}}{2\times 0.41 t^{-1.74} 0.9 E_C/e^2}, \,[/math]

where [math]t \equiv k_B T/E_C\,[/math]. Note that [math]T\,[/math] is at low temperatures set often by heating effects, not the base temperature of refrigerator. More details about RF-SET noise analysis is found in Ref. [2] and from references there.

References

  1. ↑ L. Roschier, M. Sillanpää, W. Taihong, M. Ahlskog, S. Iijima and P. Hakonen, “Carbon nanotube radio-frequency single-electron transistor”, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, 136, 465 (2004).
  2. ↑ L. Roschier, P. Hakonen, K. Bladh, P. Delsing, K.W. Lehnert, L. Spietz and R. Schoelkopf, “Noise performance of the radio-frequency single-electron transistor”, Journal of Applied Physics, 95, 1274 (2004).

Construction of the nomograph

The equation is split into two equations that each are blocks. Second equation is split into two equations in order to construct the contour block.

[math]-\log(\delta q)+x+\frac{1}{2}\log(k_B T_0 Z_T)-\log(0.9(k_B E_C)^{2.74}-\log(0.41(k_B T)^{-1.74}/e)=0\,[/math] type 3
[math]\exp(x) = (3\frac{R_\Sigma}{Z_{TR}}+\frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T})[/math]

split into two equations for contour construction:

[math]y = R_\Sigma \,[/math]

[math]y = \left(\exp (x) - \frac{Z_{TR}}{Z_T}\right)\frac{Z_{TR}}{3}[/math]

type 5

Generated nomograph

Second order equation
Ex rfset.png
Generated portable document file (pdf): File:Ex rfset.pdf

Source code

"""
    ex_rfset.py
 
    Sensitivity of radio-frequency single electron transistor (RF-SET).
 
    Copyright (C) 2007-2009  Leif Roschier
 
    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
 
    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
from pynomo.nomographer import *
 
# for testing
R_sigma=60e3
Z_tr=800.0
t=0.2
k_b=1.3806504e-23
T_0=4.0
Z_T=50.0
E_C=2.0*k_b
e=1.3806504e-19
T=t*E_C/k_b
 
d_q = 2.0*(3.0*R_sigma/Z_tr+Z_tr/Z_T)*sqrt(k_b*T_0*Z_T)/(2.0*0.41*t**(-1.74)*0.9*E_C/e**2)/e
print "for testing...d_q: %g"%d_q
 
def f_dq(q):
    return -log(q*1e-6)-14.0 # additional const for helping scale alignment
 
def f_t0(t0):
    return 0.5*log(k_b*t0*Z_T)+14.0 # additional const for helping scale alignment
 
def f_ec(ec): # [K]
    return -log(0.9*(k_b*ec)**2.74)-150.0 # additional const for helping scale alignment
 
def f_t(t):
    return -log(0.41*(k_b*t)**-1.74/e)+150.0 # additional const for helping scale alignment
 
def f_rs(rs):
    return rs*1e3
 
def f_ztr(x,ztr):
    return (exp(x)-ztr/Z_T)*ztr/3.0
 
block_contour_params={
           'width':10.0,
           'height':5.0,
           'block_type':'type_5',
           'u_func':f_rs,
           'v_func':f_ztr,
           'u_values':[10.0,20.0,30.0,40.0,50.0,60.0,70.0,80.0,90.0,100.0],
           'v_values':[100.0,200.0,400.0,800.0,1600.0],
           'wd_tag':'AA',
           'u_title':'$R_\Sigma (k\Omega )$',
           'v_title':r'$Z_{TR}$',
           'v_text_format':r"$%3.0f \Omega$ ",
           'u_text_format':r"$%3.0f$ ",
           'mirror_y':False,
           'wd_tick_levels':0,
           'wd_tick_text_levels':0,
           'isopleth_values':[[R_sigma/1e3,Z_tr,'x']]
             }
 
# this is non-obvious trick to find bottom edge coordinates of the grid in order
# to align it with N nomogram
block1_dummy=Nomo_Block_Type_5(mirror_x=False)
block1_dummy.define_block(block_contour_params)
block1_dummy.set_block()
 
x_params={
        'u_min':block1_dummy.grid_box.params_wd['u_min'],
        'u_max':block1_dummy.grid_box.params_wd['u_max'],
        'function':lambda u:u,
        'title':'',
        'tag':'AA',
        'tick_side':'right',
        'tick_levels':2,
        'tick_text_levels':2,
        'reference':False,
        'tick_levels':0,
        'tick_text_levels':0,
        'title_draw_center':True,
        'text_format':r"$%3.2f$ "
                }
 
N_params_1={
        'u_min':0.5,
        'u_max':20.0,
        'function':f_ec,
        'title':r'$E_C (K)$',
        'tick_levels':4,
        'tick_text_levels':4,
        'scale_type':'log smart',
                }
N_params_2={
        'u_min':0.1,
        'u_max':20.0,
        'function':f_t,
        'title':r'$T (K)$',
        'tick_levels':4,
        'tick_text_levels':4,
        'scale_type':'log smart',
                }
N_params_3={
        'u_min':0.5,
        'u_max':100.0,
        'function':f_dq,
        'title':r'$\delta q (\mu e/\sqrt{Hz})$',
        'tick_levels':4,
        'tick_text_levels':4,
        'scale_type':'log smart',
                }
N_params_4={
        'u_min':0.1,
        'u_max':20.0,
        'function':f_t0,
        'title':r'$T_0 (K)$',
        'tick_levels':4,
        'tick_text_levels':4,
        'scale_type':'log smart',
            }
 
 
block_1_params={
             'block_type':'type_3',
             'width':5.0,
             'height':10.0,
             'mirror_x':True,
             'reference_padding':0.0    ,
             'f_params':[N_params_1,N_params_2,N_params_3,
                         N_params_4,x_params],
             'isopleth_values':[[E_C/k_b,T,'x',T_0,'x']]
             }
 
main_params={
              'filename':'ex_rfset.pdf',
              'paper_height':20.0,
              'paper_width':20.0,
              'block_params':[block_1_params,block_contour_params],
              'transformations':[('rotate',-0.01),('scale paper',)],
              'title_str':r''
              }
Nomographer(main_params)
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