Difference between revisions of "Photography exposure"

From Pynomo
Jump to: navigation, search
(→‎Source code)
(→‎Source code)
 
(32 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
== Photography exposure ==
 
 
{{Infobox_general
 
{{Infobox_general
 
| name = Photography exposure
 
| name = Photography exposure
Line 8: Line 7:
  
 
== Theory and background ==
 
== Theory and background ==
 +
This example illustrates how exposure in photography depends on factors: latitude, time of day, day of year, weather, composition. It relates these to camera settings: film speed (e.g. ISO 100), aperture and shutter speed. The mathematical approach and model is taken from book written by V. Setälä.<ref name="setala"> Vilho Setälä: "Valokuvaus", Otava 1940.</ref> This book illustrates the approach as nomographs but they are different compared with the one generetated here. Book uses shadow length, but we break shadow length into
 +
time, date and latitude via solar zenith angle.
 +
 +
The basic equation in Setälä<ref name="setala">a</ref>(pp.492-494) can be extracted and written as
 +
 +
<math>FS-L-A-W+C+T=0 \,</math>,
 +
 +
where
 +
{| style="background:wihte; color:black" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| <math>FS\,</math> || Film speed || DIN value that equals  <math>10 \log (S) +1 \, </math>,where S is ISO FILM speed
 +
|-
 +
| <math>T\,</math> || shutter time || <math>10 \log \left( \frac{t}{1/10}\right) </math>
 +
|-
 +
| <math>A\,</math> || aperture || <math> 10 \log \left(\frac{N^2}{3.2^2}\right)</math>
 +
|-
 +
| <math>L\,</math> || shadow length (in steps) || two times (shadow length)/(person length) <math> = 2 \arctan ( \phi) \,</math>, where <math>\phi \,</math> is solar zenith angle.
 +
|-
 +
| <math>W\,</math> || weather ||
 +
{| style="background:white; color:black; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
|Clear sky, Cumulus clouds || 0
 +
|-
 +
|Clear sky || 1
 +
|-
 +
|Sun through clouds || 3
 +
|-
 +
|Sky light gray || 6
 +
|-
 +
|Sky dark gray || 9
 +
|-
 +
|Thunder-clouds cover sky || 12
 +
|}
 +
|-
 +
| <math>C\,</math> || composition ||
 +
{| style="background:white; color:black; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
|Person under trees || -6
 +
|-
 +
|Inside forest || -4
 +
|-
 +
|Person in shadow of wall || -1
 +
|-
 +
|Person at open place; alley under trees || 2
 +
|-
 +
|Buildings; street || 5
 +
|-
 +
|Landscape and front matter || 7
 +
|-
 +
|Open landscape || 9
 +
|-
 +
|Snow landscape and front matter; beach || 11
 +
|-
 +
|Snow field; open sea || 13
 +
|-
 +
|Clouds || 15
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
It is to be noted that Setälä has stops ten times base-10 logarithmic. Today we think stops in base-2 logarithmic. 
 +
 +
==== Shadow lenght ====
 +
Calculation of shadow length as a function of day of year, time of day and latitude is according to <ref>http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/solareqns.PDF</ref>. Following equations are used. For fractional year (without time information) we take
 +
 +
<math> \gamma = (day-1+0.5)2\pi/365. \,</math>
 +
 +
For time offset (eqtime) we use equation (in minutes)
 +
 +
<math> TO = 229.18(0.000075+0.001868\cos(\gamma)-0.032077\sin(´\gamma)-0.014615\cos(2\gamma)-0.040849\sin(2\gamma)) \,</math>
 +
 +
to calculate that error is below 17 minutes for time axis. We assume that sun is at heightest point at noon and this is the error and approximation. We calculate stops in logarithmic scale and in this case we do not need very accurate equations for time. For declination we use equation
 +
 +
<math> D=0.006918-0.399912\cos(\gamma)+0.070257\sin(\gamma)-0.006758\cos(2\gamma)+0.000907\sin(2\gamma)-0.002697\cos(3\gamma)+0.00148\sin(3\gamma).\,</math>
 +
 +
Hour angle is
 +
 +
<math>ha=(60h+\overline{TO})/4-180. \,</math>.
 +
 +
Finally solar zenith angle (<math>\phi \,</math>), latitude (LAT), declination (D) and hour angle (ha) are connected with equation:
 +
 +
<math> \cos (\phi ) = \sin(LAT)sin(D)+\cos(LAT)\cos(D)\cos(ha). \,</math>
 +
 +
This is in our desired form as a function of hour (h), day (day), latitude (LAT), solar zenith angle (<math>\phi \,</math>):
 +
 +
<math> \cos (\phi ) = \sin(LAT)sin(D(\gamma(day)))+\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))\cos(ha(h)) \,</math>.
 +
 +
In practice illuminance of flat surface on earth depends on solar zenith angle as <math>\cos(\phi)\,</math>. Setälä<ref name="setala">a</ref> uses shadow length that is easily measurable, but scales incorrectly, as value is propotional to
 +
<math>\tan(\phi)\,</math>. Also Setälä<ref name="setala">a</ref> sums linear value with logarithmic ones as a practical approximation.
 +
To correct these assumptions, I assume that
 +
values for shadow length 1 and 10 for Setälä are reasonable, and I find equation that scales logarithmically. I find
 +
equation:
 +
 +
<math> L = 0.33766 - 13.656 \log10 (\cos(\phi)) \,</math>
 +
 +
that gives
 +
 +
<math>L=1\,</math>
 +
 +
for
 +
 +
<math>\phi = 26.565 =\arctan(1/2)\,</math>
 +
 +
and
 +
 +
<math>L=10\,</math>
 +
 +
for
 +
 +
<math>\phi = 78.69 =\arctan(10/2).\,</math>
  
 
==== References ====
 
==== References ====
Line 13: Line 120:
  
 
== Construction of the nomograph ==
 
== Construction of the nomograph ==
 +
The presented equation is the following:
 +
<math>FS-\{0.33766 - 13.656 \log10 \left[\sin(LAT)sin(D(\gamma(day)))+\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))\cos(ha(h))\right]\}-A-W+C+T=0 \,</math>
 +
 +
In order to construct the nomograph, we split equation into four blocks and an additional block to present values as EV100. The equations are presented in the following table.
 +
 +
{| style="background:white; color:black" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| <math>x_1 \equiv \cos(\phi)=\sin(LAT)sin(D(\gamma(day)))+\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))\cos(ha(h))\,</math>
 +
 +
formed into determinant
 +
 +
<math>
 +
\begin{vmatrix}
 +
  0  & \cos(\phi) & 1\\
 +
  \frac{\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))}{1+(\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day))))}  & \frac{\sin(LAT)\sin(D(\gamma(day)))}{1+(\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day))))} &1\\
 +
  1  & -\cos(ha(h)) &1 \\
 +
 +
\end{vmatrix}
 +
=0.
 +
</math>
 +
 +
|| [[type 9]]
 +
|-
 +
| <math>C_1 \equiv L+W = 0.006918-13.656 \log_{10}(x_1)+W \,</math>
 +
 +
split into two equations for contour construction:
 +
 +
<math>y_1 = C_1 \,</math>
 +
 +
<math>y_1 = 0.006918-13.656  \log_{10}(x_1)+W \,</math>
 +
 +
|| [[type 5]]
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <math>C_2 \equiv L+W+C = C_1+C \,</math>
 +
 +
split into two equations for contour construction:
 +
 +
<math>y_2 = C_2 \,</math>
 +
 +
<math>y_2 = C_1+C \,</math>
 +
 +
|| [[type 5]]
 +
 +
|-
 +
| <math>C_2 = FS-A+T \,</math>
 +
 +
equals
 +
 +
<math> C_2 -(10 \log_{10}(S)+1.0)+10 \log_{10}\left(\frac{N^2}{3.2^2} \right)-10 \log_{10}\left( \frac{1/t_i}{1/10}\right)=0, \,</math>
 +
 +
where <math>t_i\equiv 1/t \,</math> is inverse shutter time.
 +
 +
|| [[type 3]]
 +
 +
|-
 +
|Additional EV100 scale by using relation
 +
 +
<math> C_2 =(-EV_{100}+13.654)/0.3322 \,</math>
 +
 +
|| [[type 8]]
 +
 +
|-
 +
| Maximum focal length calculator according to equation
 +
 +
<math> t_i / f = FL  \,</math>
 +
 +
written as
 +
 +
<math>-10 \log_{10}\left( \frac{1/t_i}{1/10}\right)-10 \log_{10}\left( \frac{f}{10} \right)  -10 \log_{10}\left( FL \right)=0\,</math>
 +
 +
in order to align correctly with previous equation. The values for the factor <math>f\,</math>are:
 +
{| style="background:white; color:black; margin: 1em auto 1em auto" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 +
|-
 +
| '''Sensor type, image stabilization''' || <math>f\,</math>
 +
|-
 +
|-
 +
| DSLR || 3/2
 +
|-
 +
| 35mm || 1
 +
|-
 +
| DSLR image stabilization || 3/8
 +
|-
 +
| 35mm image stabilization || 1/8
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
|| [[type 1]]
 +
 +
|-
 +
|}
  
 
== Generated nomograph ==
 
== Generated nomograph ==
 
{{Infobox_nomogram1
 
{{Infobox_nomogram1
−
| name        = Second order equation
+
| name        = Photography exposure
 
| image =  [[Image:ex_photo_exposure.png]]
 
| image =  [[Image:ex_photo_exposure.png]]
 
| file = [[Image:ex_photo_exposure.pdf]]
 
| file = [[Image:ex_photo_exposure.pdf]]
 
}}
 
}}
 +
See an [[Basics#Example2|example]] how to use this nomograph.
  
 
== Source code ==
 
== Source code ==
Line 28: Line 226:
 
     Photgraph exposure.
 
     Photgraph exposure.
  
−
     Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Leif Roschier
+
     Copyright (C) 2007-2009 Leif Roschier
  
 
     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 
     This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
Line 43: Line 241:
 
     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
     along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
"""
 
"""
−
from nomographer import *
+
from pynomo.nomographer import *
 
"""
 
"""
 
functions for solartime taken from solareqns.pdf from
 
functions for solartime taken from solareqns.pdf from
Line 57: Line 255:
 
                   -0.014615*cos(2*gamma0)-0.040849*sin(2*gamma0))
 
                   -0.014615*cos(2*gamma0)-0.040849*sin(2*gamma0))
  
−
# mean correction, with constant correction we make less than 1.5 minutes error
+
# mean correction, with constant correction we make less than 17 minutes error
 
# in time axis
 
# in time axis
−
temp_a=arange(0,2*pi,0.001)
+
temp_a=arange(0,365.0,0.1)
 
temp_b=eq_time(temp_a)
 
temp_b=eq_time(temp_a)
−
correction=mean(temp_b) # this is about four minutes
+
correction=mean(temp_b) # this is 0.0171885 minutes
 +
#print "maximum time errors: %g %g"%(min(temp_b),max(temp_b))
  
 
# declination
 
# declination
Line 94: Line 293:
  
 
#times=linspace(0,350,10)
 
#times=linspace(0,350,10)
−
times=arange(0.0,360.0,10.0,dtype=double).tolist()
+
#times=arange(0.0,360.0,10.0,dtype=double).tolist()
 
time_titles=['January','February','March','April','May','June',
 
time_titles=['January','February','March','April','May','June',
 
             'July','August','September','October','November','December']
 
             'July','August','September','October','November','December']
−
 
  
 
phi_params={
 
phi_params={
Line 110: Line 308:
 
         'title_x_shift':0.0,
 
         'title_x_shift':0.0,
 
         'title_y_shift':0.25,
 
         'title_y_shift':0.25,
−
         'scale_type':'linear',
+
         'scale_type':'linear smart',
−
         'tick_levels':2,
+
         'tick_levels':4,
−
         'tick_text_levels':1,
+
         'tick_text_levels':2,
 
         'tick_side':'right',
 
         'tick_side':'right',
 
         'tag':'phi',
 
         'tag':'phi',
 
         'grid':False,
 
         'grid':False,
−
        'extra_params':[{'u_min':20.0,
+
#        'extra_params':[{'u_min':20.0,
−
                        'u_max':90.0,
+
#                        'u_max':90.0,
−
                        'tick_levels':4,
+
#                        'tick_levels':4,
−
                        'tick_text_levels':2,
+
#                        'tick_text_levels':2,
−
                        }]
+
#                        }]
 
         }
 
         }
  
Line 179: Line 377:
 
             'f3_params':time_params,
 
             'f3_params':time_params,
 
             'transform_ini':True,
 
             'transform_ini':True,
 +
            'isopleth_values':[['x',[60,times1[4]],14.0]],
 
             }
 
             }
  
 +
# limiting functions are to avoid NaN in contour construction that uses optimization
 
def limit_xx(x):
 
def limit_xx(x):
 
     x1=x
 
     x1=x
−
    if x1>1.0:
+
#    if x1>1.0:     # don't need in 0.2.2
−
        x1=1.0
+
#        x1=1.0
−
    if x1<-1.0:
+
#    if x1<-1.0:
−
        x1=-1.0
+
#        x1=-1.0
 
     return x1
 
     return x1
  
 
def limit_x(x):
 
def limit_x(x):
 
     x1=x
 
     x1=x
−
    if not x1>0.0:
+
#    if not x1>0.0: # don't need in 0.2.2
−
        x1=0.0001
+
#        x1=0.0001
 
     return x1
 
     return x1
  
Line 239: Line 439:
 
   'u_tag':'AA',
 
   'u_tag':'AA',
 
   'horizontal_guides':True,
 
   'horizontal_guides':True,
 +
  'isopleth_values':[['x',9.0,'x']],
 
  }
 
  }
  
Line 273: Line 474:
 
   'horizontal_guides':True,
 
   'horizontal_guides':True,
 
   'u_align_y_offset':-0.9,
 
   'u_align_y_offset':-0.9,
 +
  'isopleth_values':[['x',2.0,'x']],
 
  }
 
  }
  
Line 287: Line 489:
 
camera_params_2={
 
camera_params_2={
 
         'u_min':10.0,
 
         'u_min':10.0,
−
         'u_max':12800.0,
+
         'u_max':25600.0,
 
         'function':lambda S:-(10*log10(S)+1.0),
 
         'function':lambda S:-(10*log10(S)+1.0),
 
         'title':r'Film speed',
 
         'title':r'Film speed',
Line 302: Line 504:
 
                             6400.0:'ISO 6400',
 
                             6400.0:'ISO 6400',
 
                             12800.0:'ISO 12800',
 
                             12800.0:'ISO 12800',
 +
                            25600.0:'ISO 25600',
 
                             },
 
                             },
 
         'scale_type':'manual line'
 
         'scale_type':'manual line'
Line 338: Line 541:
 
         'scale_type':'manual line',
 
         'scale_type':'manual line',
 
         'title':r't (s)',
 
         'title':r't (s)',
−
         'text_format':r"1/%3.0f s"
+
         'text_format':r"1/%3.0f s",
 +
        'tag':'shutter',
 +
        'tick_side':'left',
 
                 }
 
                 }
−
#          6.7    8    9.5    11    13    16    19    22
+
 
 
camera_params_4={
 
camera_params_4={
 
         'u_min':1.0,
 
         'u_min':1.0,
 
         'u_max':22.0,
 
         'u_max':22.0,
 
         'function':lambda N:10*log10((N/3.2)**2)+30,
 
         'function':lambda N:10*log10((N/3.2)**2)+30,
−
         'manual_axis_data': {1.0:'f/1',
+
         'manual_axis_data': {1.0:'$f$/1',
−
                             1.2:'f/1.2',
+
                             1.2:'$f$/1.2',
−
                             1.4:'f/1.4',
+
                             1.4:'$f$/1.4',
−
                             1.7:'f/1.7',
+
                             1.7:'$f$/1.7',
−
                             2.0:'f/2',
+
                             2.0:'$f$/2',
−
                             2.4:'f/2.4',
+
                             2.4:'$f$/2.4',
−
                             2.8:'f/2.8',
+
                             2.8:'$f$/2.8',
−
                             3.3:'f/3.3',
+
                             3.3:'$f$/3.3',
−
                             4.0:'f/4',
+
                             4.0:'$f$/4',
−
                             4.8:'f/4.8',
+
                             4.8:'$f$/4.8',
−
                             5.6:'f/5.6',
+
                             5.6:'$f$/5.6',
−
                             6.7:'f/6.7',
+
                             6.7:'$f$/6.7',
−
                             8.0:'f/8',
+
                             8.0:'$f$/8',
−
                             9.5:'f/9.5',
+
                             9.5:'$f$/9.5',
−
                             11.0:'f/11',
+
                             11.0:'$f$/11',
−
                             13.0:'f/13',
+
                             13.0:'$f$/13',
−
                             16.0:'f/16',
+
                             16.0:'$f$/16',
−
                             19.0:'f/19',
+
                             19.0:'$f$/19',
−
                             22.0:'f/22',
+
                             22.0:'$f$/22',
 
                             },
 
                             },
 
         'scale_type':'manual line',
 
         'scale_type':'manual line',
Line 376: Line 581:
 
                         camera_params_4],
 
                         camera_params_4],
 
             'mirror_x':True,
 
             'mirror_x':True,
 +
            'isopleth_values':[['x',100.0,'x',4.0]],
 
             }
 
             }
  
−
def old_EV(EV):
+
def old_EV(EV): # C2(EV100) in wiki
 
     return (-EV+13.654)/0.3322
 
     return (-EV+13.654)/0.3322
  
Line 395: Line 601:
 
EV_block={
 
EV_block={
 
         'block_type':'type_8',
 
         'block_type':'type_8',
−
         'f_params':EV_para
+
         'f_params':EV_para,
 +
        'isopleth_values':[['x']],
 
             }
 
             }
 +
 +
# maximum focal length
 +
FL_t_para={
 +
        'u_min':0.1,
 +
        'u_max':10000.0,
 +
        'function':lambda t:-10*log10((1.0/t)/(1.0/10.0))-30,
 +
        'scale_type':'linear',
 +
        'tick_levels':0,
 +
        'tick_text_levels':0,
 +
        'title':r't (s)',
 +
        'text_format':r"1/%3.0f s",
 +
        'tag':'shutter',
 +
                }
 +
 +
FL_factor_params_2={
 +
        'u_min':1.0/4.0,
 +
        'u_max':3.0/2.0,
 +
        'function':lambda factor:-10*log10(factor/10.0)+0,
 +
        'title':r'Sensor, IS',
 +
        'scale_type':'manual point',
 +
        'manual_axis_data': {1.0/(2.0/3.0):'DSLR',
 +
                    1.0/(1.0):'35mm',
 +
                    1.0/(8.0/3.0):'DSLR IS',
 +
                    1.0/(4.0):'35mm IS',
 +
                    },
 +
        'tick_side':'left',
 +
        'text_size_manual':text.size.footnotesize, # pyx directive
 +
        }
 +
 +
FL_fl_params={
 +
        'u_min':20.0,
 +
        'u_max':1000.0,
 +
        'function':lambda FL:-10*log10(FL)+30,
 +
        'title':r'Max focal length',
 +
        'tick_levels':3,
 +
        'tick_text_levels':2,
 +
        'tick_side':'left',
 +
        'scale_type':'manual line',
 +
        'manual_axis_data': {20.0:'20mm',
 +
                            35.0:'35mm',
 +
                            50.0:'50mm',
 +
                            80.0:'80mm',
 +
                            100.0:'100mm',
 +
                            150.0:'150mm',
 +
                            200.0:'200mm',
 +
                            300.0:'300mm',
 +
                            400.0:'400mm',
 +
                            500.0:'500mm',
 +
                            1000.0:'1000mm'}
 +
        }
 +
 +
 +
 +
FL_block_params={
 +
            'block_type':'type_1',
 +
            'width':12.0,
 +
            'height':10.0,
 +
            'f1_params':FL_t_para,
 +
            'f2_params':FL_factor_params_2,
 +
            'f3_params':FL_fl_params,
 +
            'mirror_x':True,
 +
            'proportion':0.5,
 +
            'isopleth_values':[['x',1.0/(8.0/3.0),'x']],
 +
            }
  
  
 
main_params={
 
main_params={
−
               'filename':'ex_photo_exposure.pdf',
+
               'filename':['ex_photo_exposure.pdf','ex_photo_exposure.eps'],
 
               'paper_height':35.0,
 
               'paper_height':35.0,
 
               'paper_width':35.0,
 
               'paper_width':35.0,
−
               'block_params':[block_params,block_params_weather,block_params_scene,block_params_camera,EV_block],
+
               'block_params':[block_params,block_params_weather,block_params_scene,block_params_camera,EV_block,FL_block_params],
−
               #'block_params':[block_params_weather,block_params_scene,block_params_camera,EV_block],
+
               #'block_params':[block_params_weather,block_params_scene,block_params_camera,EV_block,FL_block_params],
 
               'transformations':[('rotate',0.01),('scale paper',)],
 
               'transformations':[('rotate',0.01),('scale paper',)],
 
               'title_x': 7,
 
               'title_x': 7,
 
               'title_y': 34,
 
               'title_y': 34,
 
               'title_box_width': 10,
 
               'title_box_width': 10,
−
               'title_str':r'Photography exposure (Setala 1940) \copyright Leif Roschier  2008 '
+
               'title_str':r'\LARGE Photography exposure (Setala 1940) \par \copyright Leif Roschier  2009 '
 
               }
 
               }
 
b=Nomographer(main_params)
 
b=Nomographer(main_params)
 
</source>
 
</source>

Latest revision as of 18:30, 21 October 2009

Photography exposure
Ex photo exposure.png
author Leif Roschier

Theory and background

This example illustrates how exposure in photography depends on factors: latitude, time of day, day of year, weather, composition. It relates these to camera settings: film speed (e.g. ISO 100), aperture and shutter speed. The mathematical approach and model is taken from book written by V. Setälä.[1] This book illustrates the approach as nomographs but they are different compared with the one generetated here. Book uses shadow length, but we break shadow length into time, date and latitude via solar zenith angle.

The basic equation in Setälä[1](pp.492-494) can be extracted and written as

[math]FS-L-A-W+C+T=0 \,[/math],

where

[math]FS\,[/math] Film speed DIN value that equals [math]10 \log (S) +1 \, [/math],where S is ISO FILM speed
[math]T\,[/math] shutter time [math]10 \log \left( \frac{t}{1/10}\right) [/math]
[math]A\,[/math] aperture [math] 10 \log \left(\frac{N^2}{3.2^2}\right)[/math]
[math]L\,[/math] shadow length (in steps) two times (shadow length)/(person length) [math] = 2 \arctan ( \phi) \,[/math], where [math]\phi \,[/math] is solar zenith angle.
[math]W\,[/math] weather
Clear sky, Cumulus clouds 0
Clear sky 1
Sun through clouds 3
Sky light gray 6
Sky dark gray 9
Thunder-clouds cover sky 12
[math]C\,[/math] composition
Person under trees -6
Inside forest -4
Person in shadow of wall -1
Person at open place; alley under trees 2
Buildings; street 5
Landscape and front matter 7
Open landscape 9
Snow landscape and front matter; beach 11
Snow field; open sea 13
Clouds 15

It is to be noted that Setälä has stops ten times base-10 logarithmic. Today we think stops in base-2 logarithmic.

Shadow lenght

Calculation of shadow length as a function of day of year, time of day and latitude is according to [2]. Following equations are used. For fractional year (without time information) we take

[math] \gamma = (day-1+0.5)2\pi/365. \,[/math]

For time offset (eqtime) we use equation (in minutes)

[math] TO = 229.18(0.000075+0.001868\cos(\gamma)-0.032077\sin(´\gamma)-0.014615\cos(2\gamma)-0.040849\sin(2\gamma)) \,[/math]

to calculate that error is below 17 minutes for time axis. We assume that sun is at heightest point at noon and this is the error and approximation. We calculate stops in logarithmic scale and in this case we do not need very accurate equations for time. For declination we use equation

[math] D=0.006918-0.399912\cos(\gamma)+0.070257\sin(\gamma)-0.006758\cos(2\gamma)+0.000907\sin(2\gamma)-0.002697\cos(3\gamma)+0.00148\sin(3\gamma).\,[/math]

Hour angle is

[math]ha=(60h+\overline{TO})/4-180. \,[/math].

Finally solar zenith angle ([math]\phi \,[/math]), latitude (LAT), declination (D) and hour angle (ha) are connected with equation:

[math] \cos (\phi ) = \sin(LAT)sin(D)+\cos(LAT)\cos(D)\cos(ha). \,[/math]

This is in our desired form as a function of hour (h), day (day), latitude (LAT), solar zenith angle ([math]\phi \,[/math]):

[math] \cos (\phi ) = \sin(LAT)sin(D(\gamma(day)))+\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))\cos(ha(h)) \,[/math].

In practice illuminance of flat surface on earth depends on solar zenith angle as [math]\cos(\phi)\,[/math]. Setälä[1] uses shadow length that is easily measurable, but scales incorrectly, as value is propotional to [math]\tan(\phi)\,[/math]. Also Setälä[1] sums linear value with logarithmic ones as a practical approximation. To correct these assumptions, I assume that values for shadow length 1 and 10 for Setälä are reasonable, and I find equation that scales logarithmically. I find equation:

[math] L = 0.33766 - 13.656 \log10 (\cos(\phi)) \,[/math]

that gives

[math]L=1\,[/math]

for

[math]\phi = 26.565 =\arctan(1/2)\,[/math]

and

[math]L=10\,[/math]

for

[math]\phi = 78.69 =\arctan(10/2).\,[/math]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Vilho Setälä: "Valokuvaus", Otava 1940.
  2. ↑ http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/solareqns.PDF

Construction of the nomograph

The presented equation is the following: [math]FS-\{0.33766 - 13.656 \log10 \left[\sin(LAT)sin(D(\gamma(day)))+\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))\cos(ha(h))\right]\}-A-W+C+T=0 \,[/math]

In order to construct the nomograph, we split equation into four blocks and an additional block to present values as EV100. The equations are presented in the following table.

[math]x_1 \equiv \cos(\phi)=\sin(LAT)sin(D(\gamma(day)))+\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))\cos(ha(h))\,[/math]

formed into determinant

[math] \begin{vmatrix} 0 & \cos(\phi) & 1\\ \frac{\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day)))}{1+(\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day))))} & \frac{\sin(LAT)\sin(D(\gamma(day)))}{1+(\cos(LAT)\cos(D(\gamma(day))))} &1\\ 1 & -\cos(ha(h)) &1 \\ \end{vmatrix} =0. [/math]

type 9
[math]C_1 \equiv L+W = 0.006918-13.656 \log_{10}(x_1)+W \,[/math]

split into two equations for contour construction:

[math]y_1 = C_1 \,[/math]

[math]y_1 = 0.006918-13.656 \log_{10}(x_1)+W \,[/math]

type 5
[math]C_2 \equiv L+W+C = C_1+C \,[/math]

split into two equations for contour construction:

[math]y_2 = C_2 \,[/math]

[math]y_2 = C_1+C \,[/math]

type 5
[math]C_2 = FS-A+T \,[/math]

equals

[math] C_2 -(10 \log_{10}(S)+1.0)+10 \log_{10}\left(\frac{N^2}{3.2^2} \right)-10 \log_{10}\left( \frac{1/t_i}{1/10}\right)=0, \,[/math]

where [math]t_i\equiv 1/t \,[/math] is inverse shutter time.

type 3
Additional EV100 scale by using relation

[math] C_2 =(-EV_{100}+13.654)/0.3322 \,[/math]

type 8
Maximum focal length calculator according to equation

[math] t_i / f = FL \,[/math]

written as

[math]-10 \log_{10}\left( \frac{1/t_i}{1/10}\right)-10 \log_{10}\left( \frac{f}{10} \right) -10 \log_{10}\left( FL \right)=0\,[/math]

in order to align correctly with previous equation. The values for the factor [math]f\,[/math]are:

Sensor type, image stabilization [math]f\,[/math]
DSLR 3/2
35mm 1
DSLR image stabilization 3/8
35mm image stabilization 1/8
type 1

Generated nomograph

Photography exposure
Ex photo exposure.png
Generated portable document file (pdf): File:Ex photo exposure.pdf

See an example how to use this nomograph.

Source code

"""
    ex_photo_exposure.py
 
    Photgraph exposure.
 
    Copyright (C) 2007-2009  Leif Roschier
 
    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.
 
    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU General Public License for more details.
 
    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""
from pynomo.nomographer import *
"""
functions for solartime taken from solareqns.pdf from
http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/highlights/sunrise/solareqns.PDF
"""
# fractional year
def gamma(day):
    return 2*pi/365.0*(day-1+0.5)
# equation of time
def eq_time(day):
    gamma0=gamma(day)
    return 229.18*(0.000075+0.001868*cos(gamma0)-0.032077*sin(gamma0)\
                   -0.014615*cos(2*gamma0)-0.040849*sin(2*gamma0))
 
# mean correction, with constant correction we make less than 17 minutes  error
# in time axis
temp_a=arange(0,365.0,0.1)
temp_b=eq_time(temp_a)
correction=mean(temp_b) # this is 0.0171885 minutes
#print "maximum time errors: %g %g"%(min(temp_b),max(temp_b))
 
# declination
def eq_declination(day):
    g0=gamma(day)
    return 0.006918-0.399912*cos(g0)+0.070257*sin(g0)-0.006758*cos(2*g0)\
            +0.000907*sin(2*g0)-0.002697*cos(3*g0)+0.00148*sin(3*g0)
 
def f1(dummy):
    return 0.0
def g1(fii):
    return cos(fii*pi/180.0)
 
def f2(lat,day):
    dec=eq_declination(day)
    return (cos(lat*pi/180.0)*cos(dec))/(1.0+(cos(lat*pi/180.0)*cos(dec)))
def g2(lat,day):
    dec=eq_declination(day) # in radians
    return (sin(lat*pi/180.0)*sin(dec))/(1.0+(cos(lat*pi/180.0)*cos(dec)))
 
def f3(dummy):
    return 1
def g3(h):
    hr=(h*60.0+correction)/4.0-180.0
    return -1.0*cos(hr*pi/180.0)
 
days_in_month = (31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31)
times1=[]
for idx in range(0,12):
    times1.append(sum(days_in_month[0:idx])+1)
 
 
#times=linspace(0,350,10)
#times=arange(0.0,360.0,10.0,dtype=double).tolist()
time_titles=['January','February','March','April','May','June',
             'July','August','September','October','November','December']
 
phi_params={
        'u_min':0.0,
        'u_max':90.0,
        'u_min_trafo':0.0,
        'u_max_trafo':90.0,
        'f':f1,
        'g':g1,
        'h':lambda u:1.0,
        'title':r'Solar zenith angle $\phi$',
        'title_x_shift':0.0,
        'title_y_shift':0.25,
        'scale_type':'linear smart',
        'tick_levels':4,
        'tick_text_levels':2,
        'tick_side':'right',
        'tag':'phi',
        'grid':False,
#        'extra_params':[{'u_min':20.0,
#                         'u_max':90.0,
#                         'tick_levels':4,
#                         'tick_text_levels':2,
#                         }]
        }
 
time_params={
        'u_min':0.0,
        'u_max':23.0,
        'u_min_trafo':0.0,
        'u_max_trafo':12.0,
        'f':f3,
        'g':g3,
        'h':lambda u:1.0,
        'title':r'Hour (h)',
        'title_x_shift':0.0,
        'title_y_shift':0.25,
        'scale_type':'linear',
        'tick_levels':2,
        'tick_text_levels':1,
        'tick_side':'right',
        'tag':'none',
        'grid':False,
        }
 
lat_day_params={
    'ID':'none', # to identify the axis
    'tag':'none', # for aligning block wrt others
    'title':'Grid',
    'title_x_shift':0.0,
    'title_y_shift':0.25,
    'title_distance_center':0.5,
    'title_opposite_tick':True,
    'u_min':20.0, # for alignment
    'u_max':80.0,  # for alignment
    'f_grid':f2,
    'g_grid':g2,
    'h_grid':lambda u,v:1.0,
    'u_start':30.0,
    'u_stop':80.0,
    'v_start':times1[0], # day
    'v_stop':times1[-1],
    'u_values':[30.0,40.0,50.0,60.0,70.0,80.0],
    'u_texts':['30','40','50','Latitude = 60','70','80'],
    'v_values':times1,
    'v_texts':time_titles,
    'grid':True,
    'text_prefix_u':r'',
    'text_prefix_v':r'',
    'text_distance':0.5,
    'v_texts_u_start':False,
    'v_texts_u_stop':True,
    'u_texts_v_start':False,
    'u_texts_v_stop':True,
    }
 
block_params={
             'block_type':'type_9',
             'f1_params':phi_params,
             'f2_params':lat_day_params,
             'f3_params':time_params,
             'transform_ini':True,
             'isopleth_values':[['x',[60,times1[4]],14.0]],
             }
 
# limiting functions are to avoid NaN in contour construction that uses optimization
def limit_xx(x):
    x1=x
#    if x1>1.0:     # don't need in 0.2.2
#        x1=1.0
#    if x1<-1.0:
#        x1=-1.0
    return x1
 
def limit_x(x):
    x1=x
#    if not x1>0.0: # don't need in 0.2.2
#        x1=0.0001
    return x1
 
const_A=0.33766
const_B=-13.656
 
block_params_weather={
   'block_type':'type_5',
   'u_func':lambda u:u,
   'v_func':lambda x,v:const_A+const_B*log10(limit_x(x))+v,
   #'u_values':[1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,9.0,10.0,15.0,20,25],
   'u_values':[1.0,25.0],
   'u_manual_axis_data':{1.0:'',
                         25.0:''},
   'v_values':[0.0,1.0,3.0,6.0,9.0,12.0],
   'v_manual_axis_data': {0.0:['Clear sky, Cumulus clouds',{'x_corr':0.5,
                                                            'y_corr':0.0,
                                                            'draw_line':False}],
                     1.0:'Clear sky',
                     3.0:'Sun through clouds',
                     6.0:'Sky light gray',
                     9.0:'Sky dark gray',
                     12.0:'Thunder-clouds cover sky',
                     },
   'v_text_distance':0.5,
   'wd_tick_levels':0,
   'wd_tick_text_levels':0,
   'wd_tick_side':'right',
   'wd_title':'',
   'manual_x_scale':True,
   'x_min':0.06,
   'x_max':0.99,
   'u_title':'',
   'v_title':'',
   'wd_title_opposite_tick':True,
   'wd_title_distance_center':2.5,
   'wd_align_func':lambda L:acos(limit_xx(10.0**((L-const_A)/const_B)))*180.0/pi, # phi as L
   'wd_func':lambda L:10.0**((L-const_A)/const_B), # x as L
   'wd_func_inv':lambda x:const_A+const_B*log10(x), # L as x
   'wd_tag':'phi',
   'mirror_y':True,
   'mirror_x':False,
   'width':10.0,
   'height':10.0,
   'u_scale_opposite':True,
   'u_tag':'AA',
   'horizontal_guides':True,
   'isopleth_values':[['x',9.0,'x']],
 }
 
block_params_scene={
   'block_type':'type_5',
   'u_func':lambda u:u,
   'v_func':lambda x,v:x+v,
   'u_values':[1.0,25.0],
   'u_manual_axis_data':{1.0:'',
                         25.0:''},
   'u_tag':'AA',
   'wd_tag':'EV',
   'v_values':[-4.0,-1.0,2.0,5.0,7.0,9.0,11.0,13.0,15.0],
   'v_manual_axis_data': {-6.0:'Person under trees',
                          -4.0:'Inside forest',
                          -1.0:'Person in shadow of wall',
                          2.0:'Person at open place; alley under trees',
                          5.0:'Buildings; street',
                          7.0:'Landscape and front matter',
                          9.0:'Open landscape',
                          11.0:'Snow landscape and front matter; beach',
                          13.0:'Snow field; open sea',
                          15.0:'Clouds',
                          },
   'wd_tick_levels':0,
   'wd_tick_text_levels':0,
   'wd_tick_side':'right',
   'wd_title':'',
   'u_title':'',
   'v_title':'',
   'wd_title_opposite_tick':True,
   'wd_title_distance_center':2.5,
   'mirror_x':True,
   'horizontal_guides':True,
   'u_align_y_offset':-0.9,
   'isopleth_values':[['x',2.0,'x']],
 }
 
 
camera_params_1={
        'u_min':-10.0,
        'u_max':15.0,
        'function':lambda u:u,
        'title':r'',
        'tick_levels':0,
        'tick_text_levels':0,
        'tag':'EV',
                }
camera_params_2={
        'u_min':10.0,
        'u_max':25600.0,
        'function':lambda S:-(10*log10(S)+1.0),
        'title':r'Film speed',
        'manual_axis_data': {10.0:'ISO 10',
                             20.0:'ISO 20',
                             #40.0:'ISO 40',
                             50.0:'ISO 50',
                             100.0:'ISO 100',
                             200.0:'ISO 200',
                             400.0:'ISO 400',
                             800.0:'ISO 800',
                             1600.0:'ISO 1600',
                             3200.0:'ISO 3200',
                             6400.0:'ISO 6400',
                             12800.0:'ISO 12800',
                             25600.0:'ISO 25600',
                             },
        'scale_type':'manual line'
                }
camera_params_3={
        'u_min':0.1,
        'u_max':10000.0,
        'function':lambda t:-10*log10((1.0/t)/(1.0/10.0))-30,
        'manual_axis_data': {1/10.0:'10',
                             1/7.0:'7',
                             1/5.0:'5',
                             1/3.0:'3',
                             1/2.0:'2',
                             1.0:'1',
                             2.0:'1/2',
                             3.0:'1/3',
                             5.0:'1/5',
                             7.0:'1/7',
                             10.0:'1/10',
                             20.0:'1/20',
                             30.0:'1/30',
                             50.0:'1/50',
                             70.0:'1/70',
                             100.0:'1/100',
                             200.0:'1/200',
                             300.0:'1/300',
                             500.0:'1/500',
                             700.0:'1/700',
                             1000.0:'1/1000',
                             2000.0:'1/2000',
                             3000.0:'1/3000',
                             5000.0:'1/5000',
                             7000.0:'1/7000',
                             10000.0:'1/10000',
                             },
        'scale_type':'manual line',
        'title':r't (s)',
        'text_format':r"1/%3.0f s",
        'tag':'shutter',
        'tick_side':'left',
                }
 
camera_params_4={
        'u_min':1.0,
        'u_max':22.0,
        'function':lambda N:10*log10((N/3.2)**2)+30,
        'manual_axis_data': {1.0:'$f$/1',
                             1.2:'$f$/1.2',
                             1.4:'$f$/1.4',
                             1.7:'$f$/1.7',
                             2.0:'$f$/2',
                             2.4:'$f$/2.4',
                             2.8:'$f$/2.8',
                             3.3:'$f$/3.3',
                             4.0:'$f$/4',
                             4.8:'$f$/4.8',
                             5.6:'$f$/5.6',
                             6.7:'$f$/6.7',
                             8.0:'$f$/8',
                             9.5:'$f$/9.5',
                             11.0:'$f$/11',
                             13.0:'$f$/13',
                             16.0:'$f$/16',
                             19.0:'$f$/19',
                             22.0:'$f$/22',
                             },
        'scale_type':'manual line',
        'title':r'Aperture',
                }
 
block_params_camera={
             'block_type':'type_3',
             'width':10.0,
             'height':10.0,
             'f_params':[camera_params_1,camera_params_2,camera_params_3,
                         camera_params_4],
             'mirror_x':True,
             'isopleth_values':[['x',100.0,'x',4.0]],
             }
 
def old_EV(EV): # C2(EV100) in wiki
    return (-EV+13.654)/0.3322
 
EV_para={
        'tag':'EV',
        'u_min':4.0,
        'u_max':19.0,
        'function':lambda u:old_EV(u),
        'title':r'EV$_{100}$',
        'tick_levels':1,
        'tick_text_levels':1,
        'align_func':old_EV,
        'title_x_shift':0.5,
        'tick_side':'right',
        }
EV_block={
         'block_type':'type_8',
         'f_params':EV_para,
         'isopleth_values':[['x']],
            }
 
# maximum focal length
FL_t_para={
        'u_min':0.1,
        'u_max':10000.0,
        'function':lambda t:-10*log10((1.0/t)/(1.0/10.0))-30,
        'scale_type':'linear',
        'tick_levels':0,
        'tick_text_levels':0,
        'title':r't (s)',
        'text_format':r"1/%3.0f s",
        'tag':'shutter',
                }
 
FL_factor_params_2={
        'u_min':1.0/4.0,
        'u_max':3.0/2.0,
        'function':lambda factor:-10*log10(factor/10.0)+0,
        'title':r'Sensor, IS',
        'scale_type':'manual point',
        'manual_axis_data': {1.0/(2.0/3.0):'DSLR',
                     1.0/(1.0):'35mm',
                     1.0/(8.0/3.0):'DSLR IS',
                     1.0/(4.0):'35mm IS',
                     },
        'tick_side':'left',
        'text_size_manual':text.size.footnotesize, # pyx directive
        }
 
FL_fl_params={
        'u_min':20.0,
        'u_max':1000.0,
        'function':lambda FL:-10*log10(FL)+30,
        'title':r'Max focal length',
        'tick_levels':3,
        'tick_text_levels':2,
        'tick_side':'left',
        'scale_type':'manual line',
        'manual_axis_data': {20.0:'20mm',
                             35.0:'35mm',
                             50.0:'50mm',
                             80.0:'80mm',
                             100.0:'100mm',
                             150.0:'150mm',
                             200.0:'200mm',
                             300.0:'300mm',
                             400.0:'400mm',
                             500.0:'500mm',
                             1000.0:'1000mm'}
        }
 
 
 
FL_block_params={
             'block_type':'type_1',
             'width':12.0,
             'height':10.0,
             'f1_params':FL_t_para,
             'f2_params':FL_factor_params_2,
             'f3_params':FL_fl_params,
             'mirror_x':True,
             'proportion':0.5,
             'isopleth_values':[['x',1.0/(8.0/3.0),'x']],
             }
 
 
main_params={
              'filename':['ex_photo_exposure.pdf','ex_photo_exposure.eps'],
              'paper_height':35.0,
              'paper_width':35.0,
              'block_params':[block_params,block_params_weather,block_params_scene,block_params_camera,EV_block,FL_block_params],
              #'block_params':[block_params_weather,block_params_scene,block_params_camera,EV_block,FL_block_params],
              'transformations':[('rotate',0.01),('scale paper',)],
              'title_x': 7,
              'title_y': 34,
              'title_box_width': 10,
              'title_str':r'\LARGE Photography exposure (Setala 1940) \par \copyright Leif Roschier  2009 '
              }
b=Nomographer(main_params)
Retrieved from "http://pynomo.org/wiki/index.php?title=Photography_exposure&oldid=877"